Guide to Hydraulic Filters

Hydraulic systems require clean fluid for optimal operation, efficiency and longevity. Equipping your systems with the right filters helps increase equipment uptime and avoid costly repairs. It’s important to understand where contaminants come from, how filters protect your equipment and when to use different types of filters.

Why Are Hydraulic Fluids and Filtration Systems Important?

A hydraulic filter is important because it removes harmful particulates from fluid by forcing it through a permeable element. This filter element traps contaminants and stops them from re-entering the flow and damaging other components. Protecting hydraulic fluid is vital because it’s responsible for the following duties:

• Transmitting energy: As fluid flows through a hydraulic system, its motion creates pressure to transfer energy and power operations. A hydraulic filter prevents dirt from clogging small orifices in pressure valves and flow control, helping pressure escape so the equipment can operate efficiently.
• Sealing spaces between metal parts: Fluid seals the cavities between close-fitting components, creating a pressurized barricade that blocks contaminants. A filter is important for keeping dirt out of the holes if the seal breaks.
• Lubricating internal components: Hydraulic fluid lubricates internal components to prevent or slow premature wear and tear. Fine particles and large contaminants can block clearances and obstruct the lubrication of moving parts, but filtered hydraulic fluid addresses this issue.
• Cooling system components: Friction generates heat as hydraulic fluid flows through the hydraulic system. The fluid transfers this heat to the reservoir walls and cool system components. Filters help prevent sludge from accumulating on the tank’s walls so the hydraulic fluid can continue transferring heat.

Understanding and Identifying Contamination

Various contaminants can compromise fluid integrity and component function. Recognizing these harmful substances and their origins is essential for implementing robust filtration strategies.

Types of Contaminants

Hydraulic filters protect your system from the following types of contaminants:

• Particles: Solid particles, such as dirt, sand and metal filings, can grind, scratch and wear your components down. They also clog orifices, which can hinder system operation.
• Water: If moisture enters a hydraulic system, it can rust and corrode metal surfaces, deplete additives, reduce lubrication effectiveness, and degrade oil.
• Air: Air can cause excessive heat and cavitation, which damages metal surfaces.
• Reactive chemicals: Cleaning agents, coolants and solvents can corrode or damage internal components. Hydraulic fluid can also break down and oxidize as it ages or overheats, forming varnish, acidic compounds and sludge.

Sources of Contamination

Contamination can be environmental, system-generated or external. Here are the ways contaminants can enter your system:

• Environmental debris: Debris, such as rubber particles, paint chips and metal shavings, can accumulate during a hydraulic system’s manufacturing process. A hydraulic filter eliminates the smaller particles that an air hose cannot blow away.
• New fluid: Environmental contaminants can also enter the system through new fluid, as new oil is not fully clean. You should always use a filter cart or pre-filtered fluid, and it’s important to filter the oil before adding it to your hydraulic system and multiple times throughout operation.
• Leaks or condensation: Condensation or a leak can introduce water into your hydraulic system.
• System-generated: A system’s internal components, such as piston rods and pumps, generate contaminants during routine processes. These types of contaminants tend to accumulate on return-line filters. Castings can also wear down and enter the fluid stream due to shock and continual flexing.
• External air: If air enters a hydraulic system through openings such as breather caps or imperfect seals, it can condense on the system’s walls and create rust. Cleaning breather caps helps prevent dirt from re-entering the fluid.
• Maintenance: Technicians can introduce air, new particles, coolant or cleaning agents when performing maintenance or replacing parts.

Types of Hydraulic Filters and Their Applications

Different types of hydraulic filters catch contaminants at various locations throughout a system. Here are the most important types of filters and how they protect your system:

• Suction filters: A suction filter is a low-pressure filter that fits at the pump inlet and ensures no contaminants enter the pump.
• Pressure filters: Place a pressure filter after the pump to protect valuable downstream components. Pressure filters work in high-pressure systems to remove internal, system-generated contamination and protect individual components.
• Return line filters: Return line filters collect contaminants from fluid in low-pressure systems as it returns to the reservoir. You can position a return line filter along the return line or within the tank. The 10 Series Spin-On Filters and 11 Series Spin-On Filters from Chase Filters & Components remove contaminants from petroleum-based fluids.
• Off-line filters: Off-line filters are also known as kidney loops, and they continue working if the central hydraulic system stops operating. An off-line filter draws fluid from the reservoir and returns it after filtration. The drum topper and portable filter cart are popular types of off-line filters and can service multiple hydraulic systems.

Specialty High-Pressure Filters

You can also find specialty high-pressure filters that offer extreme pressure ratings and superior material compatibility. Explore the following specialized filters from Chase Filters & Components:

• 21 series
• 22 series
• 23 series
• 31 series
• 41 series
• 43 series
• 51 series
• 52 series
• 56 series

How to Select the Right Hydraulic Filter

Selecting the appropriate hydraulic filter is essential for optimal system performance and longevity. Use the following tips to ensure effective contaminant removal:

Understand Micron Ratings and Filter Media

Contaminant sizes are on a scale of micrometers, which means you must check a hydraulic filter’s micron rating to determine the smallest particle size it can capture. A filter with a lower micron rating is for finer filtration and greater particle retention.

Filter media, such as the following materials, also play a vital role in filtration efficiency, dirt-holding capacity and compatibility with hydraulic fluid:

• Cellulose: Cellulose filters are cost-effective options for general hydraulic applications, systems with lower operating temperatures and fluids without high water or aggressive chemical levels.
• Synthetic media: Synthetic media filters are highly efficient in demanding hydraulic systems with high pressures, excessive heat or a wide range of hydraulic fluids.
• Blended materials: Blended materials balance cost-effectiveness and enhanced performance. A filter made of blended materials is a good option if you need stronger filtration than a cellulose filter but don’t require the full premium filtration of synthetic media.

Consider Operating Pressure and Flow Rate

Your hydraulic system’s operating conditions dictate the filter housing and element’s strength and design requirements. The most important requirement is that a filter must be able to withstand the maximum system pressure without rupturing or collapsing.

The hydraulic fluid’s flow rate determines the required filter size and surface area to prevent excessive pressure drops. Choosing the right size according to your system’s manual helps prevent cavitation and ensure operational efficiency.

Evaluate Filter Efficiency

Filter efficiency measures a filter’s ability to remove contaminants at a given micron rating. Look for a filter’s beta ratio to determine the smallest particles it can remove from fluid. An absolute rating indicates that a filter can capture all particles larger than the specified micron size, while a normal rating represents the percentage of particles that the filter can remove.

Partner With the Experts in Hydraulic Filtration

Chase Filters & Components offers over 30 years of expertise in hydraulic filters and can help you find the best solution for your system and application. We specialize in custom engineering and carry a wide range of filters designed to protect your hydraulic system’s longevity, performance and efficiency. Browse our filter selection or contact us to learn more about how we can support your hydraulic operations.